5th International Conference on
Urology and Renal Health

Bladder is an organ that stores urine from the kidney before disposal urination, it is a hallow muscular organ that expands as it fills with urine. This organ plays a vital role in keeping urine flowing in the right direction, stopping urine flowing back into the kidney. Urine leaves the bladder and enters the urethra, which carries urine out of the body. The urethra passes through the penis, so males (8 inches) are longer than females (1.5 inches).

Track 2-1Bladder Prolapse

Track 2-2 Bladder diet

Track 2-3Bladder Diary

Track 2-4 Paruresis

Track 2-5Neurogenic Bladder

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia also referred as prostate gland enlargement is a common condition as men get older. An enlarged prostate gland can make uncomfortable symptoms like blocking the flow of urine from the bladder. It increases in the total number of prostatic stromal cells and prostatic glandular epithelial cells within the transition zone of the prostate.

 In 2010 as many as 14 million men in the United States had lower urinary tract symptoms indicative of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The size of the prostate does not determine the severity of the blockage. Sometimes men may not know the blockage until they cannot urinate.

Endourology refers to a specific area in urology in which small intestine endoscopes and instrumentation are used to see into the urinary tract and perform surgery. It can be used to locate and remove small kidney stones. Stones may be fragmented using tiny instruments inserted into the body through such as the urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidney.

Track 4-1 Kidney stone

Track 4-2 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Track 4-3Pelvis

Track 4-4 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Track4-5 Staghorn stone

Haemorrhagic cystitis is damage to the inner lining of your bladder and the blood vessels that supply the inside of the bladder. It is characterised by lower urinary tract symptoms such as haematuria and irritative voiding. Toxins, pathogens, radiation, drugs, or disease cause damage to the bladder's transitional epithelium and blood vessels.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is sudden failure of kidney or kidney damage it happens in a few days or weeks. When your kidneys lose their ability to filter waste, dangerous levels of waste can accumulate, and makes hard for kidney to keep the right balance of fluid in body.

This is most common in people who are already in the hospital, especially in critically ill people in need of critical care. The main common cause is dehydration and sepsis combined with Nephrotic drugs especially while during surgery or contrast agents.

Renal replacement therapy is a lifesaving treatment for the renal failure patients. Renal failure has become more common these days due to the diet and everyday culture that forces scientists to innovate. It replaces the non-endocrine kidney function in patients with renal damage.

 A patient with ARF requires renal replacement therapy (RRT) when he or she has an acute fall in glomerular filtration rate and had developed or is at risk of developing clinically toxicity or volume overload. 

Track7-1 Intermittent haemodialysis

Track7-2 Continuous hemofiltration

Track7-3 Haemodialysis

 Track7-4 Peritoneal dialysis

Robotic surgery also known as robotic surgery integrates computer technology with the expertise of skilled surgeons. The surgeon may see a 10x magnified high definition 3d view of the body’s complicated anatomy with this technology.

 The surgeon manipulates special surgical instruments that are smaller more flexible more manoeuvrable than the human hand using controls on the panel the surgeons hand movements are replicated by the robot which minimizes hand tremors as a result even during the most complex treatments the surgeon can operate with more precision dexterity and control.

Renal cell carcinoma also referred as hypernephroma or renal adenocarcinoma. A type of kidney cancer that starts in the lining of the tubules in the kidney is called Renal cell carcinoma. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It occurs often in men 60 to 70years old. This affects the small tubules in kidney that helps to transport urine.

Track9-1Transitional cell carcinoma

Track9-2 Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)

Track 9-3 Renal sarcoma

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a form of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain a penile erection during sexual activity.

It Causes include renal failure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological problems such as prostatectomy, hypogonadism, and side effects of the drug.

Track 10-1 Penile nerve’s function

Track 10-2Penile biothesiometry

Track 10-3Harmacological therapy with a PDE5 inhibitor

Track 10-4Reflex erection and psychogenic erection

Track 10-5 Diagnosis of hypogonadism

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means that your kidneys are damaged, and you cannot filter your blood as it should. The disease is called "chronic" because the damage to the kidneys occurs slowly over a long period of time. This damage can lead to the accumulation of waste products in the body. CKD can also cause other health problems. The kidney's main job is to filter excess water and waste products from the blood to make urine.

 For your body to function properly, your kidneys balance salts and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium that circulate in your blood. Your kidneys also produce the hormone, which controls blood pressure, makes red blood cells, and helps keep your bones strong. The sooner you know that you have kidney disease, the more you can protect your kidneys. 

Track11-1 Analgesic Nephrology

Track11-2 IgA Nephrology

Track11-3 Lupus nephritis

Dialysis is a treatment to remove waste products and excess from the blood when the kidneys stop working. Dialysis is an incomplete treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct impaired endocrine kidney  function. As a result, waste products and toxins accumulate in the bloodstream. Dialysis works on the principles of diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across a polymeric membrane.

Urodynamic tests are used to diagnose a patient who have urinary incontinence or other symptoms of the lower urinary tract. Both men and women are subjected to these tests. Urodynamic tests are used to measure the following:

Nerve and muscular activity

Pressure around the bladder.

Flow rates and other parameters

Kidney transplantation is surgery to transplant a solid kidney from a living or deceased donor to a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs on either side of the spine below the ribs.

Each is the size of a fist. Its main task is to carry and excrete waste products, minerals, and body fluids in the blood through the production of urine.

When the kidney loses this filtering capacity, it increases the destruction of water and waste products in the body, increases the circulating pressure and causes kidney failure. Visceral nephropathy occurs when the kidneys lose about 90% of their normal working capacity.

Tumour cells developed in the kidney, prostate, bladder, testicles of men and women are termed as urological cancer. The study and treatment of such cancers are termed as urologic oncology.

Track 15-1Renal cancer

Track 15-2Urothelial Carcinoma

Track 15-3Urinary Tract Infections

Track 15-4Urogynecology

Track 14-5Reconstructive Urology

Nephrology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of various kidney diseases and conditions. It additionally concerned with the treatment of alternative organ diseases related to excretory organs such as cardiovascular diseases.

Track 16-1Ureteroscopy

Track 16-2Cystectomy

Track 16-3Urostomy

Track 16-4Renal Pathology

Track 16-5Renal Immunology

Track 16-6Endocrine Functions of kidney

Track 16-7Hormones on kidney

Steroid medications, blood products, dialysis, and plasma exchange are all part of nephrological treatment. Because kidney complications can have a significant impact on the quality and length of life, psychological support, health education, and advanced care planning are important in nephrology.

Track17-1 Nephrolithotripsy

Track 17-2 Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Track17-3 Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)

Track 17 -4 Diuretics

Track 17-5 Vasodilator Drugs

Track17-6 Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Alpha-Blockers)

Track 17-7 Calcium-Channel Blockers

Track 17-8Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Prostate specific antigen also referred as kallikrein 3 or gamma-Seminoprotein. PSA is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by KLK3 gene. Prostate specific antigen a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family. It is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate.

Track 18-1Prostate cancer

Track 18-2Prostate cancer screening test

Track 18-3Elevated PSA level

Track 18-4Prostate Specific Antigen Test

Renal vasculitis, also referred as ANCA glomerulonephritis, is an autoimmune disease that causes white blood cells to attack the glomeruli, the small blood vessels that filter blood in kidneys. It is a heterogenous group of disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to the blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, and venules. It tends to be severe and fulminant.

Vasectomy is a small operation that prevents sperm from reaching the semen that ejaculates from the penis. Sperm is still present, but not sperm. After vasectomy, the testicles still produce sperm, but they are sucked up by the body. Each year, more than 500,000 men in the United States choose vasectomy for contraception. Vasectomy prevents pregnancy better than non-abstinence contraceptive methods.

Ureteroscopy: Ureteroscopy is a procedure that uses a ureteroscope, like a cystoscope, but longer and thinner so that it can be inserted into the ureter through openings to the bladder. It allows the urologist to see inside the kidneys and ureters. After ureteroscopy the occurrence of swelling of the ureter is observed. A small soft tube is placed inside the ureter to ensure the free flow of urine while the edema goes down. There are two ureteroscopy strategies to treat a stone in the ureter. The treatment choice relies upon the area, size, and structure of the stone in the ureter.

Cystoscopy: Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a long, thin optical instrument also known as a cystoscope, that has an eyepiece and small illuminated lenses on both ends connected by a tube. It is used to treat problems such as Bladder stone, plugging a bleeding point in the bladder, removal of small tumours, bladder biopsy.

Andrology is  the study of male diseases and health, particularly related to male reproductive and urological problems that are unique to men. Andrology deals with male infertility, impotence, erectile dysfunction, and andropause, also known as male menopause. It also deals with male contraception. Andrology is the male equivalent of gynecology, which deals with medical issues relating to the female reproductive system but is less well known.